The NTX vs NDX index Controversy:
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The first truly practical dtabase format was without a doubt the DBF file. It started out as a way of organizing data into "paragraphs" which could be manually moved from place to place in a report. It wasn't long before early programmers came up with the idea of placing a "header" at the top of the disorganized data with the intention of naming the locations of the data that followed. Data locations were specified in bytes from the start of the file. Next came indexing, whereby data could be stored in alphabetical or numeric order, depending on the nature of the work being organized. Much early work was derived from similar work called "spreadsheets". Spreadheets were useful, of course, but bulky and very slow in operation.
Most computer languages require programs to be written